The European Union and the Debate of Supremacy - Free Essay Example

The preliminary reference procedure under Article 267 of the TFEU (Treaty of Functioning of the EU [1957] means that if EU law is to be supreme it must have equal effect in all member states. In order to do this, the meaning and effect must be determined by the CJEU (Court Justice of the European Union). To avoid issues arising the Treaty provides this procedure so the National Courts can consult if necessary to the CJEU on issues covered only under Article 267 of Union Law. The principle of Article 267 procedure is to cooperate between the CJEU and the courts of MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The CJEU has an important role to play, and interpret matters of EU law. They can be asked questions only on: interpretation of the treaties and validity of Acts of intuitions. The jurisdiction of the CJEU doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t extend any further than to questions put by the National Courts. The Treaty Article 267 works to set an alliance with the National Courts and the CJEU, this is so a boundary is set which the CJEU powers and the National Courts apply. The use of Article 267 is intended to be of a harmonious nature, so that it is clear the CJEU interprets and the national courts apply. The objective of Article 267 is to create independence for National Courts, also at the same time prevent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a body of case law not in accord with the rules of Community Law from coming into existence in any Member Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [Case 107/76 Hoffmann La Roche v Centrfarm]. The purpose of the preliminary reference is to ensure correct interpretation of Community law in all MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Article 267 is essential for preserving Community character of the law established by the Treaty and has the obligation to see through that the law is the same in all MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of the Community. It should be clear that the preliminary reference does not have the same function as an appeal. The National courts take the decision to refer the case, and can refer questions to the CJEU to exercise their discretion on a certain matter of a case. The CJEU and the National court have set guidelines on when to refer a matter and the discretion that should be exercised. This is called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Guidance on Referrals by National Courts for Preliminary Rulingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1996]. The National Court will then decide whether it is necessary to send a reference. If the CJEU has already implied the answer needed from another case or it is irrelevant , or there is no scope of doubt as it is obvious and the same view would be shared in all courts of the MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, which is known as the French principle of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“acte clairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Then there will be no need to send a reference to the CJEU. An example of the preliminary reference procedure would be a conflict with a national law in a MS and union law. The National courts should submit questions to the CJEU to clarify how to apply the law correctly. The preliminary reference procedure is shown through the case of Costa V ENEL [1964] as the effectiveness of the PRP works essentially well but occasionally between the CJEU and National Courts there has been friction. Due to the National Courts submitting questions and not all questions being answered which was the case in Costa. The case of Costa v ENEL showed a conflict between a Treaty provision and also an Italian Statute privatising the company of which the defendant Costa was an investor. But at the time the Italian Law was at a later time than the treaty provision. In protest he refused to pay the bill which equated to  £1.10 in English currency. Costa argued that the company was in breach of EU law. The defendants argued à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lex posterior; the Italian act nationalising the electricity company was later in time than the Italian Ratification Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [Page 82 EU Law, Steiner Woods]. This was an Act which incorporated EU law with Italian L aw. From thereon the Italian Court was obliged to absolve the national law in preference with EU law. The Italian court referred this matter to the CJEU. The Magistrates Court also referred the matter to the Italian Constitutional Court. The CJEU came to these conclusions which was to spilt the two arguments into two main groups.; those relating to the nature of the Union and those relating to the purpose of the Union. The Court had ruled partly in favour of the Italian government because of the Treaty of Rome rule on a factual market, this means that the Commission can challenge independently the Italian government. As Costa was an individual he didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a legal standing to challenge that Treaty provision so it did not have direct effect. But as Costa rose a point of EC law against the national government in legal proceedings in the MS, the CJEU was against the views of the Italian government. The CJEU ruled that EC law would not be operative if Costa couldnà ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t challenge the national law on the foundation of its alleged inconsistency with EC law. Inside the time period of the referral to the CJEU the principle of Supremacy was clearly affirmed as cited by the first case Van Gend En Loos, to show supremacy but was not enforced until the ruling in Costa. From Van Gend the MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s had à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"limited their sovereign rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [judgment of Costa]. The CJEU went further on and looked at the Treaty under Article 288 which indicated that there had been a transmission of powers to the Union Institutions as Article 4 (3) states MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment to observe union law. This shows the outcome of the case as the CJEU commented saying that national law should prevail over the earlier EU law. It was also noted by the CJEU Article 189 indicated a transfer of powers to Community Institutions. Under Article 5 it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"commits to observe EC lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The CJEU said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the transfer of the States from their domestic legal system to the Community legal system to the Community legal system of the rights and obligations arising under the Treaty carries with it a permanent limitation of their sovereign rights. against which a subsequent unilateral act incompatible with the concept of the Community cannot prevailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Further on it was stated that Community law would be deprived of its character which the legal forum of the community would be held for questioning if other MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s could introduce national laws which had supremacy over Community Law. Finally, the CJEU overturned the Italian decision in Costa as it was established that MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s could not diverge from Community treaties without prior authorisation, the high courts would have to consult the CJEU before deciding an incompatibility between MS and EC law. The case set an central precedent for the supremacy of Community Law within the Eu ropean Community and later the EU. The prevalent principle established from Costa is the enforcement of Supremacy, this means that EU law prevails over any conflicting provisions of national law and take precedence over national law if they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"direct effectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [Europa.eu]. This shows that the preliminary reference procedure was now in full force and had to be applied in every state of Europe. It has shown effect in other cases such as Simmenthal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the full effectiveness of Community law would be impaired if a rule of national law could prevent a court from granting interim reliefà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [EU Law Steiner Woods]. Furthermore, the significance of the case as seen through the judgement provided two main outcomes to the case as seen earlier. It created a new legal order of an independent nature which limited the MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sovereign rights permanently, but in the Treaty there is no legal basis about this point. However, this shows that purpose of the Union and goals achieved will not be undermined., and also shows how EU law has become more effective. The effectiveness now becomes an element of the CJEU views and is rational which makes for a vast sway on the expansion of Union Law. Also, without the judgement in Costa, Community Law would fail to exist as it would be referred to as international law. Not until the time of the doctrine of supremacy did community law become truly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supranationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as was intended by the European Treaties. In the case of Costa v ENEL CJEU entered the political stage as the Court replaced the ruling of modus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"political integrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with modus of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legal integrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [Article: on the Importance of Contemporary Statement of Legal History]. Although, the Supremacy has found difficulty after the Lisbon Treaty [2009]to fit in to all pillars of EU law. But the effects of the argu ment due to costa apply equally in the Community pillar. In addition, the significance of the case has changed Europe as supremacy is evolving; the enlargement of the EU has given a new dimension to the supremacy debate in Europe. Constitutional courts of Central Eastern Europe Countries are elaborating their own doctrine on issues of relation between EU law and National law with special regard to National Constitutional provisions. Above all, the ratification process of EU constitutions is contributing to supremacy debate in the EU. Recent jurisprudence of Spanish and French Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s make a new primacy clause through supremacy and discussed a new structure of the constitutional treaty. The supremacy of EU is still an evolving and debating concept which has been given a new dimension through codification of Articles 1-6 of the EU constitution and jurisprudence of constitutional courts of the MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, this shows rapid development of the EU due to Cost a.

Eth 125 Work Sheet Essay example - 633 Words

Associate Program Material Discrimination Worksheet Write a 100- to 200-word response to each of the following questions. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What is discrimination? How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? †¢ What are the causes of discrimination? †¢ How is discrimination faced by one identity group (race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, age, or disability) the same as discrimination faced by another? How are they different? What is discrimination? The Google dictionary defines discrimination as being a noun; the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race,†¦show more content†¦As whereas stereotyping is unreliable generalizations about all members of a particular group without considering a individuals differences.I feel that discrimination has many forms aside from race,age,sexual orientation or wealth. Resource: â€Å"studymode.com† What are the causes of discrimination? Discrimination covers any scenario where an individual or company treats a person or group of people unfairly due to a particular characteristic. The most commonly referred to typesof discrimination include prejudicial behavior that is based on skin color,gender,disability,religion or sexual orientation. However, discrimination can be based on any attribute that is viewed as marking the victim out as being different. For example, discrimination might be on the basis of age,weight,height,nationality, or any number of attributes. In order to tackle this hurtful and damaging behavior, it is important to identify the causes of discrimination. Discrimination is often based on ignorance,fear and stereotypical viewpoints. For example, religious and/or sectarian discrimination is often fuelled by people living and working in separate communities and therefore not having ample opportunity to interact with people from other groups. Resource: â€Å"Life 123† How is discrimination faced by one identy group (race,ethnicity,religious beliefs,gender sexual orientation,age or disability) the same as discrimination faced by another? How are theyShow MoreRelatedBusiness Study At Mathrubhumi Printing And Publishing Company Ltd9893 Words   |  40 Pages2015 Under the guidance of Submitted By Mrs Anvesha Sharma (ASCO) Jithin Sethumadhavan Assistant Professor A7021314001 Mrs Uttara Navin (Mathrubhumi) HR Executive Amity School of Communication Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201301 DECLARATION I, JITHIN SETHUMADHAVAN, hereby declare that the project report, entitled â€Å"Report on the Organization study at MATHRUBHUMI PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY LTD†. Submitted to Amity School of Communication, AmityRead MoreEncouraging the Heart10264 Words   |  42 PagesOthers Presentation Date: November 5th, 2005 Recommended Length: One hour minimum, One hour 15 minutes maximum Recommended Content • Key take-aways • Practical applications • Entertaining • interactive Presentation Outline: 0:00-0:05 Introduce ETH, Concept of Caring Leader (5 minutes) 0:06-0:10 Most Meaningful Recognition, Need for Encouragement (5 minutes) 0:11-0:50 The Seven Essentials of Encouraging the Heart (40 minutes total) • Open Discussion Idea Exchange • Answering of Reflection QuestionsRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pages 20 FORETHOUGHT Firms from developing countries are making a global mark†¦McDonald’s isn’t afraid to bite off more than it can chew†¦Women at Fortune 1,000 companies are securing top jobs faster than men†¦Make your employees prove their ideas’ worth†¦Work with Chinese ï ¬ rms to build respect for IP†¦Alchemists turn bad feedback into gold†¦Don’t discount the power of the QA†¦Consumers are slow to notice changes in product quality, for better and for worse†¦How outside directors can reduce their legal riskRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesAfter branding season, I joined the fencing crew, five men led by the oldest hand, Morris. We worked ten...hour days planting railroad ties and anchoring fence braces. I admired Morriss expertise and calm demeanor. But Morris never did any physical work, and he constantly aired his disdain for fencing. After two weeks, Morr is abruptly quit. Tony approached me. He said that I had earned his trust and wanted me to lead the crew. I replied that I would be honored but first wanted to consult Lon, now

The Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ( Rebt ) Exercise

REBT Counseling Exercise The Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) exercise focuses on stress the client is experiencing in their life. REBT is effective in teaching people how to effectively manage stress through changing irrational beliefs. Stress is present in everyday issues and every person experiences on a daily basis. Stress is different from neurotic or emotional problems because the irrational belief created from stress related events which are short-term and identifiable events (Abrams Ellis, 1994). The stress related to neurotic or emotional problems are routine result in distorted thoughts for the individual (Abrams Ellis, 1994). REBT is successful for everyday stress and not stress related to a psychological disorder.†¦show more content†¦The REBT therapy are based on ABCDE model. The A is the activating event, B is the irrational belief about an event, C is the emotional result which is upsetting to the person, D is the process of disputing irrational idea s, and E is a newly formed emotional effect or consequence (Ellis, 2012). REBT stress reduction are based on changing beliefs and thoughts about the event (Doyle, DiGiuseppe, Dryden, 2014). The first part of stress reduction with REBT is locating if the beliefs are rational or irrational. This will be assessed by the client’s perception of the situation. The first step is determining the activating event and the emotional consequence of the event. If the client is using should and demandingness (success and approval for everything), awfulizing, blaming, rating, and overgeneralizing it will only add to their stress level (Doyle, DiGiuseppe, Dryden, 2014). The next step is to help the client realize they are participating in these behaviors and help them change their beliefs (Doyle, DiGiuseppe, Dryden, 2014). When the client disputes their beliefs and able to form new emotional effects, they can reduce their stress level (Doyle, DiGiuseppe, Dryden, 2014). Worksheet REBT is based on ABCDE model. The best approach it implementing the ABCDE model with stress in the form of a worksheet (Doyle, DiGiuseppe, Dryden, 2014). The worksheet outlines the ABCDE model (Appendix A). The client can firstShow MoreRelatedRational Emotive Behavior Therapy ( Rebt )1610 Words   |  7 Pagesreview on rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). A discussion of the REBT founder Albert Ellis and the concepts that influenced the formation of REBT. Also, an in depth description of the concepts and theories behind REBT as well as examples of the types of therapies that are commonly used in REBT. Next, an explanation of some of the changes that have occurred during the history of REBT and a call for some future developments. Finally, some criticisms of REBT are debated.â€Æ' Rational Emotive BehaviorRead MoreRational Emotive Behavior Therapy1605 Words   |  7 PagesRational Emotive Behavior Therapy Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a form of Cognitive Behavior Therapy created by Albert Ellis. REBT was one of the first types of cognitive therapies and was first called rational therapy. In 1959 the name was changed to Rational Emotive Therapy and did not get its current name, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, until 1992. REBT is based on believing that feeling upset is not caused by an event but rather our beliefs toward the event that upsetsRead MoreThe Following Paper Will Look At The Differences And Similarities1394 Words   |  6 Pagessimilarities in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy as well as Reality Therapy. The paper will thoroughly address the theoretical assumptions of each approach the appropriate setting and population for each approach as well as the therapeutic techniques. The efficacy of each approach will also be explored. Additionally, the paper will explore who each approach accounts for or reflects the common factors that are said to be associated with therapeutic efficacy. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)is anRead MoreThe Goals Of The Group Therapy987 Words   |  4 PagesGroup Counseling The goals of REBT group therapy involve encouraging members to think clearly, engaging group members in the process of finding solutions to difficult issues, and resolving pointless emotional misery. As with individual REBT therapy, group therapy sessions are regarded as an educational process. Through this form of group therapy, members learn to identify and dispute irrational beliefs that are self-directed. Group members learn how to identify and dispute their faulty thinkingRead MoreUse Of Rational Emotive Imagery ( Rei )1518 Words   |  7 Pages Therapists also address the emotional problems and solutions with the client. A tool they use to do this is called Rational Emotive Imagery (REI) (Corey, 2013. p 275). What REI entails is a client imagining a very disturbing circumstance during therapy, and describing the emotions to the therapist. The therapist then teaches the client how to change negative and irrational emotions to positive ones. The client and therapist can also role play a difficult situation. They practice these techniquesRead MoreRational Emotive Behaviour Therapy - Essay9996 Words   |  40 PagesA Brief Introduction To Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy By Wayne Froggatt Third Ed.(this version Feb 2005) Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) is based on the concept that emotions and behaviours result from cognitive processes; and that it is possible for human beings to modify such processes to achieve different ways of feeling and behaving. REBT is one of a number of therapies that come under the heading ‘cognitive-behavioural’. In the mid-1950’s Dr. Albert Ellis, a clinical psychologistRead MoreRole of Cognition in Counseling1589 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Cognitive therapy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Characteristics of cognitive-behavioral therapy†¦.5 Virtual Reality Therapy...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Rational Emotive Therapy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Transactional ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 conlusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Role of cognition in counseling Introduction Cognitive therapy centers on the belief that our thoughts areRead MoreA Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory ( Rebt ) Psychoeducational Group For Adolescent Abusing Drugs And Alcohol901 Words   |  4 PagesA Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory/ Behavior Theory (REBT) Psychoeducational group for adolescent abusing drugs and alcohol. The initial and transition stages will be discussed to give the reader insight on how the group will begin and transition into the norms of the group thereby allowing the work to begin. The teen group will be a group for girls and boys between the ages 14-18 and closed. The group will consist of 8-12 students lasting 12 weeks. Furthermore, group will be held on school groundsRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy : The Traditional Form Of Behavior1166 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive behavior therapy has emerged from the traditional form of behavior analysis. Psychotherapist Albert Ellis began implementing an approach he referred to as rational emotive therap y in 1955 (now called rational emotive behavior therapy, or REBT). With credit given to certain aspects of Adlerian therapy, REBT is generally considered as the foundation of today’s cognitive behavior approaches. With a concept that emotions stem from our personal beliefs and impact interpretations to real-lifeRead Moreâ€Å"How Can Modern Behavioural Therapies Help a Client Accept Uncertainty About Their Future?†3066 Words   |  13 Pagesbehavioural therapies help a client accept uncertainty about their future?† Introduction: I will demonstrate a good knowledge and understanding focusing on REBT and CT, combining them to produce a fluid response to answer the question. Background: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a generic umbrella term for a category of therapy approach that focus on the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and actions. There are many different types of CBT. Rational Emotive Behaviour

Film Industry In Hindi Language From India †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Film Industry In Hindi Language From India? Answer: Introducation Bollywood industry represents the film industry in Hindi language from India. Currently, bollywood is one of the leading and prominent film industries around the world. Moreover, bollywood is having the record of producing highest number of movies every year. However, the key distinctive aspects of bollywood are something else which are creating waves in the Asian regions and around the world. The south Asian regions are already being covered by the craze of bollywood movies. The popularity of the bollywood movies is now expanding in other Asian regions. It is rapidly evolving as the popular culture in the Asian countries (Daspit and Weaver 2012). In the recent years, newly released bollywood movies are earning huge money from several Asian regions and they are going to prove as money spinner in various countries. Now the there are various concepts and debates being held to determine the reasons behind this popularity of bollywood movies in the Asian regions. This essay will discuss about the probable reasons of gaining popularity of bollywood movies along with discussing various theories being given by different authors. It will help to identify the core competitive advantages of these movies which help them to stay ahead over other competitors. According to Roy (2012), the key reason for the bollywood movies in becoming the popular culture in the Asian regions is the vibrant nature or approach of the movies. According to him, the approach of storytelling of the bollywood movies is much different than that of the approach of the movies from other countries. The film industry from America which is popularly known as Hollywood is the leading the film industry in the world. However, they are trailing behind the bollywood movies in terms of vibrancy. He also stated that bollywood movies involve more extensive use of colors and festivals which increase the aesthetic value of the movies. Thus, they are being more attracted by the people from various Asian regions who are not accustomed with these types of movies. Related to this concept, another author also added some more aspects which further help to identify the reasons for the bollywood movies for becoming the popular culture in different Asian regions. Mukherjee (2012), stated that involvement of songs in the movies is one of the key reasons for the bollywood industries to gain momentum in the Asian countries. This is due to the reason that, involvement of songs helps to gain more attractions towards the movies. Moreover, the songs normally used in the bollywood movies involve synchronized beats and tunes which feels pleasurable to hear. The songs and dance sequence being used in the bollywood movies is one of the unique features which helps to attract foreign audience. Thus, it helps to gain the instant attraction from the side of the audience. In the Asian regions, countries such as China, South Korea and Japan is also having prominent film industries but they are more influenced by the Hollywood culture and thus, bollywood movies are getting the market place by offering something different and unique to the audience. According to Willis (2013), bollywood movies also involve different genres in one single movie. Thus, audience has the choice of enjoying various genres in one single movie. Majority of the Hollywood and movies from other countries follows a single genre, whereas in the case of bollywood movies, action, romance, climax, songs and dance are all being involved in a single movie. This is also one of the key reasons of growing popularity of the bollywood movies in different Asian regions. Bollywood films have the perfect blend of all the genres in their mainstream movies which increase their attractiveness to the audience (Morcom 2017). This type of concept is new to the countries in the Asian regions expect the Indian subcontinent. Thus, bollywood is having large untapped market to grow by offering distinctive films. According to Roy (2016), the pattern and design of the story being portrayed by the bollywood movies is much easy to connect to the audience compared to other film industries. This is due to the reason that, bollywood movies involves the stories having social messages and the struggle of the masses in the daily life. Compared to this, Hollywood and other major movie industries convey more complicated story through their movies. Thus, the audience is finding easier to understand and relate with the bollywood movies compared to other movies. Another aspect that can be added here is the commercial viability of the bollywood movies which is more than that of other movie industries. The entire approach and design of the movies is being initiated keeping in mind the commercial viability of the project. Thus, the movies are being made according to the taste and preference pattern of the audience. It helps to attract the audience more effectively by serving them the product that they will en joy. Buga and Meyer (2012), stated that the migration of the Indian population is growing by leaps and bound and majority of the Asian countries are having large number of Indian population. Thus, this is another influencing factor for the gaining of popularity by the bollywood movies in the foreign countries. More people are being influenced by the Indian population living abroad and the culture of bollywood movies is gaining market penetration. According to Matusitz and Payano (2012), bollywood is slowing evolving as popular culture in major Asian countries due to many reasons. He also stated the catchy sound track of the bollywood movies is one of the key reasons of attracting foreign audiences. Moreover, according to him, bollywood movies are being perceived as the mode of entertainment only rather than the broader perspective of the Hollywood movies. Thus, this commercial factor is more influencing the popularity of the bollywood movies in the major Asian countries. However, there are various opposing views being given by different authors regarding the effectiveness of the bollywood movies. This is due to the reason that portrayal of bollywood movies is having various implications in the lifestyle of them. According to Ganti (2012), it is the time for the bollywood movies to look beyond the song and dance sequences and come out with more practical stories rather than portraying larger than life characters. It is also been stated that the portrayal of the characters in the bollywood movies are far away from the practical situation. Therefore, this shortcoming of the bollywood movies may have adverse effect on the audience. Another issue being stated by Tere (2012), regarding the bollywood movies is the representation of the females. Bollywood movies are notoriously known for representing females as sexual means. The dance and the movie sequence are being plotted in such way that it will represent the female characters as sexual objects. Moreover, according to the author, bollywood movies are accused for numerous times for wrong portrayal of the characters which often lead to misconceptions. Due to the reason of the rising bollywood culture, various social cultures based on caste, creed and religion are being type casted and stereotyped. Moreover, the art content of the film is being sacrificed for inducting more commercial elements. This cause quality reduction not only for the movies but also the audience is being deprived from having good content in the movies. However, with rise of the popularity of bollywood culture in different Asian countries and accepting it as the popular cultures by the major section of the populations is providing mileage for the soft power democracy for India (Blarel 2012). This is due to the reason that with the increase in the market of the bollywood movies, the business opportunities of the Indian Diaspora is also increasing. In addition, the influence of the bollywood movies on the common people will also help to expand the Indian culture in other Asian countries. More number of people will be attracted towards the Indian culture. Therefore, the soft democracy and bargaining power for India will rise in the Asian regions. Having analyzed the various aspects of the bollywood movies being transforming in to popular culture in majority of the Asian countries, it can be concluded that the content and the commercial elements of the bollywood movies are attracting more number of audiences. Bollywood movies are providing the instant and short term entertainment which is not being provided by movies from other leading film industries. This factor is further influencing the audiences to accept it as the popular culture. However, the drawbacks of the bollywood movies are also being critically analyzed in this essay. Thus, it s being recommended that overcoming the issues and introduction of good and healthy content will help bollywood movies to gain more popularity not only in the Asian regions but also around the world. Reference Blarel, N., 2012. India: the next superpower?: India's soft power: from potential to reality?. Buga, N. and Meyer, J.B., 2012.Indian human resources mobility: brain drain versus brain gain. Daspit, T. and Weaver, J.A. eds., 2012. Popular culture and critical pedagogy: Reading, constructing, connecting. Routledge. Ganti, T., 2012. No longer a frivolous singing and dancing nation of movie-makers: the Hindi film industry and its quest for global distinction.Visual Anthropology,25(4), pp.340-365. Matusitz, J. and Payano, P., 2012. Globalisation of popular culture: from hollywood to bollywood.South Asia Research,32(2), pp.123-138. Morcom, A., 2017. Hindi film songs and the cinema. Routledge. Mukherjee, M., 2012. The architecture of songs and music: soundmarks of Bollywood, a popular form and its emergent texts.Screen Sound Journal,3, pp.9-34. Roy, A.G. ed., 2012.The magic of Bollywood: at home and abroad. SAGE Publications India. Roy, S., 2016. Whats in a Name?: Examining Representation of Indian Ethnicities in Bollywood Movies in the New Millennium. InCommunicating Differences(pp. 87-103). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Tere, N.S., 2012. Gender reflections in mainstream Hindi cinema.Global Media Journal,3(1), pp.1-9. Thussu, D., 2013. Communicating Indias soft power: Buddha to Bollywood. Springer. Willis, A., 2013. Notes on the Hindi blockbuster, 1975 to the present.Movie Blockbusters, p.255.

A Synthesis of Your Degree Program

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